Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

•          indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech

For example:

Direct speech :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.

Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema.

•          When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

•          Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind

Present simple
Past tense
direct                    : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect :Vita said that  she ate fried rice.

Past simple 
Past perfect
direct                    : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

 Future simple
Past future
direct                    : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after

Present continuous 
Past continuous
direct                    : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous 
Past perfect continuous
direct                    : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier

when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
example  :
my  mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then that day / that night The day before / the previous day The next / following day The previous week The following week / the week after Before

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
This/these Here pronouns	That/those There They changes according to the context

Type	Form	example
Yes-no question	Ask + if / whether + S + verb wonder etc	do you speak English “ He wondered if I spoke English
Wh-question	Ask + question word + S + verb wonder etc	“what are you watching” She asked what I’m watching

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
will  She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow.“ can  She said, "I can teach English online." must  She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online.“	would  She said she would teach English online tomorrow. could  She said she could teach English online.  had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
shall  She said, "What shall we learn today?" may  She said, "May I open a new browser?"	should  She asked what we should learn today. might  She asked if she might open a new browser.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.